From different types and speeds of chargers, to charging etiquette at public stations, we’re here to help you understand EV charging.
When learning about EV charging, you may hear jargon such as Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, Fast Charger, Amps, and Killowatt-hours (kWh), which is initially overwhelming. Let’s break it down.
Selecting a Home Charger
When shopping for a home charger, you will see there are many options available – much more than in years past which is a great thing!
First, you will need to determine if you need Level 1 or 2. Level 1 chargers are typically included with your EV, but aftermarket chargers can be found online. These can plug into a regular 120v household outlet, but is the slowest speed of charging.
If you need a Level 2 (240v) charger, first consult a licensed electrical contractor. They will help review your current electrical panel capacity and recommend a maximum size of circuit you can install. A common “size” of Level 2 charger is 30amps, while some manufacturers are starting to offer 50 and 60 amp or more. For most EV drivers, a 30amp charger is more than enough for day-to-day driving.
If your panel cannot support another breaker, or is close to exceeding the safe output, a licensed electrical contractor can provide some options. Most Level 2 chargers available today can be configured to draw fewer Amps, or have the capability to monitor the panel and reduce their output if the panel is close to its maximum. In extreme cases you may need to upgrade your electrical service and panel. This is becoming less common as EV chargers get “smarter” and the industry innovates to avoid this need.
EV Charger Incentives
Unfortunately, incentives for charger purchase and installation were cancelled in Ontario in 2018. There are also no municipal rebates available in Ottawa.
For Québec EV owners, a $600 rebate is available from the province. See the details and check out your eligibility.
Other provinces and municipalities may offer rebates. Check your province, municipal, or utility’s websites for details.
Charging Connector Types
At the moment, there are a few different connectors available for EV chargers. The industry is moving towards standardization with one connector soon, “NACS” or North American Charging Standard developed by Tesla. Most major EV manufacturers have recently indicated they will implement NACS within the next few years.
J1772
This connector is used for Level 1 and Level 2 charging. Most vehicles manufactured for sale in North America use this connector (the lone exception being Tesla, but an adapter is provided with the vehicle).
CCS Combo 1
This connector is used for Level 3 fast charging. Most EVs in North America use this connector; however, a few exceptions exist, such as the Nissan Leaf and Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid).
CHAdeMo
This connector is also used for Level 3 fast charging, but as mentioned above, is typically only found on older EVs or the Nissan Leaf and Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV. This standard will be phased out over the next few years, but adapters will likely be available.
NACS (Tesla)
Currently used by Tesla and its Supercharger network, this connecter has quickly become the next standard across most EV manufacturers. As of 2023, major manufacturers and charging networks have agreed in principle to start deploying this on vehicles and equipment, likely beginning in 2025. This means that soon all EVs will be able to take advantage of Tesla’s Supercharger network using NACS natively or with an adapter.
Charging Equipment & Speeds
Level 1
This is the most readily available but slowest type of charging, which uses a regular 120v household outlet. Most EVs will come with this equipment, and it is helpful when you’re at a travel destination, and your car can sit and charge for a while, such as at a cottage or hotel. This equipment typically charges 8 to 12 amps, equating to about 5-6 kilometres of range an hour, depending on your vehicle and a few other environmental factors.
For EV drivers who drive short distances every day this level of charging could be enough to “top up” the battery each night.
Level 2
Home Charging
This type of charging requires the installation of a dedicated 240v circuit from your electrical panel to your garage or parking spot. These can be installed with an outlet (like a stove or dryer) or hardwired to your charger, and installed indoors or outdoors (check with the manufacturer to ensure the equipment is outdoor rated if required). This equipment typically charges at 240v, 8 to 80 amps depending on factors such as your electrical panel capacity and budget. This equates to about 16-120 kilometres of range an hour.
Always consult a licensed electrical contractor to help determine your needs.
Travel Charging
Level 2 chargers are also currently the most common type of public charger installed at businesses, or other spots around the city. Some can be free in order to promote EV adoption and draw you to their business or service, or cost a small fee typically billed per-hour. In the Ottawa area the fees are usually $1-2/hr. You can expect anywhere from 16-50 kilometres of range an hour.
Level 3
Level 3 chargers, also called “DC Fast Chargers” are only available in commercial settings. It is not possible to install a Level 3 at your home. These are the fastest EV chargers available, but can have different speeds measured in Kilowatts (kW). The speeds can range from 24 to 250kW, and your car may have different maximum speeds. These chargers can fill a modern EV’s battery in under 20 minutes.
They are typically located in a parking lot close to amenities and highways, and operated by a network such as Ivy, Flo, ChargePoint, Electrify Canada, Tesla, or others. As of 2024, many charging networks now charge per Kilowatt-hour (kWh) as opposed to the old system of by time. This is much more equitable as EVs can charge at different maximum speeds. All charging network apps and equipment will post their current prices, so you know ahead of time.
Public Charging Etiquette
To make public charging as easy and equitable as possible, it’s good to follow some best practices.
Charge to a maximum of 80% if possible
Charging slows down considerably after 80%, so staying at a charger beyond this can take a spot from someone else who really needs a charge. Some charging networks will charge a premium for continued charging from 80-100%. On longer road trips you may need to charge to 100% to continue on your journey, but keep the above in mind.
Move your EV as soon as possible
Modern EVs and charging stations have apps that will notify you of the progress of your charge and most importantly, when it’s complete. When your session is complete, move your EV as soon as possible to allow someone else to charge. Some charging networks will charge you “idle fees” after a grace period if you don’t disconnect and move your EV.
Only use an EV charging spot if you are charging
Charging spaces are typically identified with signage, green paint and other markers. These spots are not just for EVs, but also only while charging. Occupying a charging spot without charging can actually net you a fine in Ontario, even if you are driving an EV.
In addition, ensure you are parked in the correct parking spot for that specific charger. At stations with multiple chargers, parking in the wrong spot (even if the cable reaches) can block another charger from being used.
Don’t unplug someone else
It might be tempting to unplug another EV that appears to be done charging, or has exceeded limits such as maximum time, but you could cause ill feelings with the owner, or even damage the EV without knowing the proper disconnection process for their car.
On the other hand, if you are opportunity charging and are OK w